CARMEL, MOUNT

Hebrew Har Ha-karmel, mountain range, northwestern Israel; the city of Haifa is on its northeastern slope. It divides the Plain of Esdraelon ('Emeq Yizre'el) and the Galilee (east and north) from the coastal Plain of Sharon (south). A northwestsoutheast-trending limestone ridge, about 16 mi (26 km) long, it covers an area of about 95 sq mi (245 sq km). Its seaward point, Rosh ha-Karmel (Cape Carmel), almost reaches the Mediterranean; there the coastal plain is only 600 ft (180 m) wide. The mountain's highest point, 1,791 ft above sea level, is northwest of the village of 'Isfiya. The name, dating back to biblical times, is derived from the Hebrew kerem (vineyard or orchard) and attests to the mountain's fertility even in ancient times. Sanctified since early times, Mt. Carmel is mentioned as a holy mountain in Egyptian records of the 16th century BC. As a high place, it was long a centre of idol worship, and its outstanding reference in the Bible is as the scene of Elijah's confrontation with the false prophets of Baal (I Kings 18). Mt. Carmel was also sacred to the early Christians; individual hermits settled there as early as the 6th century AD. The Carmelites, a Roman Catholic monastic order, were founded in 1150; they received their first rule, or laws and regulations governing the conduct of their order, in 120614. Their monastery (rebuilt 1828) is near the traditional site of Elijah's miracle. There are many fine parks and woods on the slopes of the mountain, both within the city of Haifa (q.v.) and outside it. Much of the wooded area is included in the Carmel Nature Reserve. On the southwest slopes are caves where archaeologists found (193132) Stone Age human skeletons of a type previously unknown.