EARTH, WIND AND FIRE

American pop, soul, and jazz-fusion band that became one of the best-selling and most influential black groups of the 1970s. The principal members were Maurice White (b. Dec. 19, 1941, Chicago, Ill., U.S.), Philip Bailey (b. May 8, 1951, Denver, Colo.), Verdine White (b. July 25, 1951, Chicago), Fred White (b. Jan. 13, 1956, Chicago), Al McKay (b. Feb. 2, 1948, New Orleans, La.), Johnny Graham (b. Aug. 3, 1951, Kentucky), Ralph Johnson (b. July 4, 1951, Los Angeles, Calif.), Larry Dunn (byname of Lawrence Dunhill; b. June 19, 1953, Denver), and Andrew Woolfolk (b. Oct. 11, 1950, Texas). Earth, Wind and Fire was the brainchild of Maurice White, a drummer raised in Memphis, Tennessee, who returned to his birthplace, Chicago, and became a veteran session player at Chess Records and a member of the Ramsey Lewis Trio. He drew upon a wide variety of influences, including his Memphis church-singing roots, his broad recording duties at Chess, and his stint at the Chicago Conservatory of Music, to create a truly original fusion of styles with his innovative group. Capitalizing on his reputation as a session player, White was able to establish the group in Los Angeles as a jazz-fusion act in 1970, recording two albums for Warner Brothers. While on tour in Denver in 1971, the group shared a bill with a local act that featured vocalist Bailey, keyboardist Dunn, and saxophonist Woolfolk, all of whom soon after joined a reconstituted Earth, Wind and Fire that developed a broader musical range encompassing funk, soul, and pop. The group switched labels, and their second album for Columbia, Head to the Sky (1973), sold a half-million copies, setting the stage for the huge success that followed. That's the Way of the World (1975) lifted Earth, Wind and Fire to superstardom, yielding the hit singles Shining Star and Reasons. Their phenomenal string of 11 consecutive gold albums (sales of 500,000 copies), 8 of which also attained platinum status (sales of 1,000,000 copies), included Gratitude (1975), Spirit (1976), All 'n' All (1977), The Best of Earth, Wind and Fire, Vol. 1 (1978), and Raise! (1981). Part of the band's appeal was its remarkable versatility, as it delivered soulful ballads, spiritual anthems, Afro-Caribbean jazz, driving funk and rock, and upbeat disco dance hits. Earth, Wind and Fire's songs offered uplifting, poetic lyrics with romantic and playful themes of universal brotherhood, spiritual enlightenment, and sentimental romance. The group was known for spectacular concerts that featured gigantic stage props, elaborate costumes, grand illusions, and frenetic musical energy. The multitalented White and falsetto vocalist Bailey led an ensemble that often reached 15 players onstage. White's affection for Egyptology and use of African instruments such as the kalimba (thumb piano) further embellished the group's unique image. Earth, Wind and Fire spawned a number of imitations during the 1970s, as groups adopted mystical three-part names, imitated their elaborate dress and choreography, or attempted to reproduce the poetry, lush orchestration, and mysticism of Earth, Wind and Fire's visionary albums and concerts. Despite a brief hiatus during the 1980s, White's group remained an international stage attraction through the '90s. In 2000 Earth, Wind and Fire was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Rickey Vincent Additional reading Earth, Wind and Fire are profiled in Rickey Vincent, Funk: The Music, the People, and the Rhythm of the One (1996), pp. 186188; Irwin Stambler, Encyclopedia of Pop, Rock & Soul, rev. ed. (1989), pp. 204206; Colin Larkin (ed.), The Guinness Encyclopedia of Popular Music, 2nd ed., vol. 2 (1995); and Patricia Romanowski, Holly George-Warren, and Jon Pareles (eds.), The New Rolling Stone Encyclopedia of Rock & Roll (1995), pp. 296297. The recording of their top singles is chronicled in Adam White and Fred Bronson, The Billboard Book of Number One Rhythm & Blues Hits (1993). Representative Works: The Need of Love (1971) Head to the Sky (1973) Gratitude (1975) That's the Way of the World (1975) All 'n' All (1977) I Am (1979) Raise! (1981)