FLOOR COVERING

material made from textiles, felts, resins, rubber, or other natural or man-made substances applied or fastened to, or laid upon, the level base surface of a room to provide comfort, durability, safety, and decoration. Such materials include both handmade and machine-made rugs and carpets and smooth-surfaced floor coverings. Although the words carpet and rug are frequently used interchangeably in referring to textile floor coverings, in modern usage carpets are fastened to the floor and usually cover an entire floor area, and rugs are not fastened and rarely cover the entire floor. Carpets and rugs may be classified as handmade or machine-made. Smooth-surfaced coverings generally adhere to a subfloor and are manufactured as sheet goods or tiles. Handmade carpets and rugs are usually made by knotting a number of pile tufts to a backing structure so that the loose knot ends form the pile. Mainly produced in Asia and the East, knotted types are often given the general name of Oriental carpets and may be classified according to the country of manufacture, such as Persian (originating in Iran) or Chinese. Well-known districts or towns may give their names to the carpets they produce; the Persian Kerman (Kirman) is an example. Other hand-knotted rugs include the Savonnerie rugs of France and the modern rya rugs of the Scandinavian countries. Handmade rugs woven by the tapestry method, often described as the Aubusson type, for the French town in which the method was perfected, have a flat or slightly ribbed surface instead of pile. Hooked rugs are made by drawing yarn or fabric strands through a basic material so as to form a pile of loops that may be clipped or remain uncut. Machine-made carpets include such woven types as Axminster and Wilton, and also tufted, knitted, and flocked types. Axminsters resemble hand-knotted carpets, but their pile yarn is mechanically inserted and bound and not knotted. Wilton types may have looped (uncut) or cut pile, with designs formed by bringing yarns of the desired colour to the surface and burying the others beneath the surface. Velvet carpeting is made by looping strands that form the pile over wire strips that are removed as each row of loops is completed. Chenille rugs have soft, deep pile formed by long, furry strips. The pile of tufted carpets is formed by tufts inserted into a backing with needles. In knitted carpets, the backing, locking, and pile yarns are all looped together. Flocked types are produced by systems in which adhesives are used to bind fibres or yarns to the backing fabric. Smooth-surfaced floor coverings include linoleum, rubber floor coverings, cork tile, asphalt tile, printed felt base, and the vinyl types. Most are available in varying degrees of thickness, usually from 1/16 to 3/16 inch, and may have some form of backing. Although flexible types are available in rolls at least six feet wide, square tiles are increasingly popular in all types. The various materials differ in their ability to take colour or pattern, and mottled or spatter effects are often achieved by blending in one or more mixes of the same general composition as the basic material. Additional reading R.S. Brinton, Carpets, 2nd ed. (1932), traditional carpet structures and processes described at a basic technical level, including some that are obsolete or obsolescent; A. Crossland, Modern Carpet Manufacture (1958), a description of carpet processes and structures, including nonwoven types, with helpful diagrams; B. Jacobs, The Story of British Carpets (1968), a history of the British carpet industry; P. Liebetrau, Orientalske Taepper i farver (1962; Eng. trans., Oriental Rugs in Colour, 1963), an illustrated treatment of the making and nature of Oriental rugs; G. Robinson, Carpets and Other Textile Floorcoverings, 2nd rev. ed. (1972); short sections on nonwoven carpets; F. Walton, The Infancy and Development of Linoleum Floorcloth (1925), a history of linoleum by its inventor; D.T. Ward, Tufting: An Introduction (1969), on the development of the tufting process; Hedley Pointon (ed.), Carpet Surfaces (1975); E.W. Allen, Adhesives for Flooring, R.F. Briggs, Contract Flooring: Its Use, Misuse, and Abuse, W.J. Warlow, Plastics for Flooring, Their Use and Assessment, and J.G. Bramley and W.V. Wilkinson, Epoxy Floor Coatings, in Floorcovering Symposium (1965), papers on major developments and problems in hard floorcovering industry; R. Beaumont, Carpets and Rugs (1924), on the design and manufacture of carpets and rugs, not new but has some relevancy; S.R. Cockett, An Introduction to Man-Made Fibres (1966), a general treatment of man-made fibres and their production; R.B. Holt, Rugs, Oriental and Occidental, Antique and Modern (1901), rug making outlined in a brief and straightforward manner; E. Kornreich, Introduction to Fibres and Fabrics, 2nd ed. (1966), a quick introduction to several important basic ideas in textiles; F.J. Mayers, Carpet Design and Designing (1934), on various aspects of carpet designing; Henri Mucherie, Du Tapis de Roi au Tapis pour Tous (1966), an illustrated descriptive outline of carpet structures (in French); H. Osswald, Die Teppichindustrie, 3rd ed. (1965), detailed technical coverage of main fields of carpet manufacture (in German).