ICE IN LAKES AND RIVERS

Additional reading E.R. Pounder, The Physics of Ice (1965), treats concisely the structure and physical properties of ice. George D. Ashton (ed.), River and Lake Ice Engineering (1986), provides a comprehensive treatment of the general principles for engineering applied to river and lake ice problems. Bernard Michel, Winter Regime of Rivers and Lakes (1971), treats freshwater ice. The essay by George D. Ashton, Freshwater Ice Growth and Decay, in Samuel C. Colbeck (ed.), Dynamics of Snow and Ice Masses (1980), summarizes the general principles of river ice behaviour, including ice accumulation processes and thermal effects. For information regarding the geographic distribution of lake and river ice, the following works are useful: W.T.R. Allen, Freeze-up, Break-up, and Ice Thickness in Canada (1977?); and, for the former Soviet Union, I.P. Gerasimov et al. (eds.), Fiziko-geograficheskii Atlas Mira (1964); and L.N. Mesiatseva, Atlas SSSR (1984). George D. Ashton Figure 5: The open structure of ice. From S.S. Zumdahl, Chemistry, 3rd ed., copyright 1993 by D.C. Heath and Company ice plant also called Sea Fig, or Sea Marigold (Mesembryanthemum crystallinum), low-growing annual plant, of the carpetweed family (Aizoaceae) and one of about 75 species commonly called fig-marigolds, constituting the genus Mesembryanthemum. Most are fleshy-leaved desert herbs native to the Old World. Ice plant is the most commonly grown species and is named for the transparent, glistening swellings on its edible leaves. It is cultivated in gardens and as an indoor pot plant. It is naturalized in California where it clothes road embankments and provides an erosion control.