NEW GUINEA

island of the eastern Malay Archipelago, in the western Pacific Ocean, north of Australia. It is bounded by the Pacific Ocean to the north, the Bismarck and Solomon seas to the east, the Coral Sea and Torres Strait to the south, and the Arafura Sea to the southwest. The island covers an area of about 309,000 square miles (800,000 square km). New Guinea is administratively divided into two parts: its western half comprises Irian Jaya (formerly Irian Barat), a provinsi (province) of Indonesia; and its eastern half comprises the major part of Papua New Guinea, an independent parliamentary state from 1975. See also Irian Jaya; Papua New Guinea. The second largest island in the world (after Greenland), New Guinea is about 1,500 miles (2,400 km) long (from northwest to southeast) and about 400 miles (650 km) wide at its widest (north to south) part. An unbroken chain of mountains with peaks more than 13,000 feet (4,000 m) in elevation extends across New Guinea from the northwest to the southeast, rising to 16,503 feet (5,030 m) at Mount Jaya in western Irian Jaya. The summits of the chain are glaciated, and the mountains incorporate extinct volcanoes and elongated, fertile highland basins usually more than 4,900 feet (1,490 m) in elevation. To the north of the mountain chain is a deep structural trench occupied by the valleys of the Mamberamo, Sepik, Ramu, and Markham rivers. Fronting the north-central coastal plains of New Guinea is a series of fault-rimmed mountains that generally lie below 11,500 feet (3,505 m). The mostly lowland Bomberai Peninsula and the more mountainous Doberai Peninsula constitute the extreme northwestern part of the island. South of the central mountain chain is the Fly-Digul shelf, a vast swampy plain crossed by numerous rivers including the Fly, Bian, Digul, Mapi, Pulau, and Lorentz. To the southeast the Owen Stanley Range extends about 200 miles (320 km) and forms a wide peninsula, separating the Solomon Sea to the north from the Coral Sea to the south. The climate of New Guinea is basically tropical, with mean annual maximum temperatures ranging between 86 and 90 F (30 and 32 C) in the lowlands; daytime temperatures in the highlands generally exceed 72 F (22 C) year-round. The southeast trade winds blow for about seven months each year, and rainfall on the southward-facing slopes of the central highlands frequently exceeds 300 inches (7,620 mm) annually. Consequently, the Fly-Digul shelf and bordering highlands are one of the world's wettest places and also one of the least-inhabited. The central highlands receive rain throughout the year totaling between 100 and 160 inches (2,540 and 4,065 mm). Port Moresby on the southeastern coast receives only about 40 inches (1,016 mm) of rain per year. Mangrove swamp is found along the coastline almost everywhere, and farther inland it is succeeded by nipa palm. Large stands of sago palm are found along the deltas and rivers of the southern coast. Primary lowland rain forest covers much of New Guinea up to about 3,300 feet (1,005 m) above sea level. In the central highlands above 3,300 feet, stands of oak, beech, and pine are common. Throughout most of the highland basins, much of the natural vegetation has been removed by the relatively intensive agriculture of the highlanders. The central highlands are the most densely populated part of the island. Swidden (slash-and-burn, or shifting) cultivation is practiced in the forested foothills to the north of the central highlands and in the grasslands of the Mamberamo and Sepik river basins, where the population is sparse. The north coast is also generally well populated. New Guinea has a rich variety of plant life including orchids, figs, and species of false beech. Wildlife includes many reptiles and such marsupials as the tree kangaroo and phalanger. Notable birds are the cassowary (a large, flightless bird), the spectacular birds of paradise, and parrots. Almost the whole of New Guinea is occupied by speakers of Papuan languages, the original settlers of the island, who live mainly in the interior and southern sections. Papuan societies are characterized by leadership invested in local big men and by reciprocal gift giving. Ethnic composition is complex among the Papuans, who speak some 700 different languages. On the northern coast, the eastern coast, and many of the offshore islands there are communities of speakers of Austronesian (Melanesian) languages. There are also some Polynesians, Chinese, and Europeans. Several pidgins, such as Tok Pisin and Hiri Motu, are widely spoken; Indonesian (the official language of Indonesia) and English (the official language of Papua New Guinea) are also spoken. Although about a third of Papua New Guinea's population is Roman Catholic and more than a quarter are Lutherans, traditional religious beliefs and rituals are still widely practiced, and most of the island's population is animist. Copper and gold are the main mineral resources of the island. One of the largest concentrations of copper in the world is at Tembagapura, about 25 miles (40 km) southwest of Mount Jaya in Irian Jaya. Another major deposit of copper has been developed just inside Papua New Guinea among the headwaters of the Fly River at Ok Tedi. Large amounts of gold also are produced at Ok Tedi. Petroleum is produced in the Doberai Peninsula area of Irian Jaya and near Lake Kutubu in the central highlands of Papua New Guinea. Natural gas has been discovered in the Fly-Kikori area in Papua New Guinea. The bulk of New Guinea's population are subsistence farmers. Yams, taro, sago, and bananas are the lowland staple foods, and the sweet potato is the main highland food; pig husbandry is widespread. Cash crops in Papua New Guinea include coffee, cacao, copra, palm oil, tea, and rubber; skyjack tuna, prawns, and timber are also exported. Internal transport consists of a few secondary coastal roads, riverboats, and airways, with the latter becoming increasingly important. New Guinea was possibly occupied as early as 50,000 years ago; by about 7000 BC sedentary agriculture with extensive swamp drainage and irrigation was practiced in the highland basins. The island, especially the western half, was known to Indonesian and Asian seafarers centuries before it was known to Europeans. The Portuguese in 1511 were the first Europeans to sight the island but made no landing until 1527. The Dutch claimed the western half of the island in 1828 as part of the Dutch East Indies. In the 1870s Captain John Moresby of Great Britain surveyed the southeastern coast, and by 1884 the southeastern quadrant of New Guinea had been annexed by Great Britain. The German New Guinea Company took over administration of the northeast quadrant in the same year. The administration of British New Guinea was passed to Australia in 1904, and its name was changed to the Territory of Papua. Following World War I, German New Guinea was taken over by Australia as a mandated territory of the League of Nations in 1921. After Japan temporarily occupied large parts of the island during the early years of World War II, Australia combined its administration of the Territory of Papua and the New Guinea mandate into the Territory of Papua and New Guinea. Also after the war, the western half of the island, known as Irian Barat, was returned to Dutch control. Indonesia became independent in 1949, and a plebiscite was held in 1969 to decide Irian Barat's future; as a result it was annexed to Indonesia as the province of Irian Jaya. Papua New Guinea was granted independence within the British Commonwealth in 1975. Pop. (1990) Irian Jaya, 1,648,708; (1990 prelim.) Papua New Guinea, 3,097,559; entire island including minor adjoining islands, 4,746,267.