NEWMAN, JOHN HENRY

born Feb. 21, 1801, London, Eng. died Aug. 11, 1890, Birmingham, Warwick influential churchman and man of letters of the 19th century, who led the Oxford Movement in the Church of England and later became a cardinal-deacon in the Roman Catholic church. His eloquent books, notably Parochial and Plain Sermons (183442), Lectures on the Prophetical Office of the Church (1837), and University Sermons (1843), revived emphasis on the dogmatic authority of the church and urged reforms of the Church of England after the pattern of the original catholic, or universal, church of the first five centuries AD. By 1845 he came to view the Roman Catholic church as the true modern development from the original body. Additional reading The most important works by Newman have been reprinted, a few of them often; but, as Newman was in the habit of making substantial alterations when reediting, their text history needs care: see J. Rickaby, Index to the Works of John Henry Cardinal Newman (1914).Many of his letters as an Anglican were edited by Anne Mozley, Letters and Correspondence of J.H. Newman During His Life in the English Church, new ed., 2 vol. (1898); the Correspondence of John Henry Newman with John Keble and Others 18391845 was edited at the Birmingham Oratory (1917). See also Cardinal Newman and William Froude, F.R.S.: A Correspondence, ed. by G.H. Harper (1933). C.S. Dessain (ed.), Ian Ker, Thomas Gornall, Edward E. Kelly, and V.F. Blehl (assoc. eds.), Letters and Diaries of John Henry Cardinal Newman, 31 vol. (196177), is definitive. The best edition of the Apologia is by M.J. Svaglic, Apologia pro Vita Sua (1967). The official biography is W.P. Ward, The Life of John Henry Cardinal Newman, Based on His Private Journals and Correspondence, 2 vol. (1912, reissued 1927); less critical, but well based on the archives and very readable, is M. Trevor, Newman, 2 vol. (196263); a short modern life is C.S. Dessain, John Henry Newman (1966).For Newman's thought and philosophical theology, see M. Nedoncelle, La philosophie religieuse de John Henry Newman (1946); for theology in general, J.H. Walgrave, Newman: le dveloppement du dogme (1957; Newman the Theologian, 1960), and C.S. Dessain, Newman's Spiritual Themes (1977); for the idea of development and its background, O. Chadwick, From Bossuet to Newman (1957); for Newman and education, A.D. Culler, The Imperial Intellect (1955); and F. McGrath, Newman's University: Idea and Reality (1951).