WARD, FREDERICK TOWNSEND

born Nov. 29, 1831, Salem, Mass., U.S. died Sept. 21, 1862, Tzeki, now Tz'u-cheng-chen, Chekiang province, China adventurer who commanded the "Ever Victorious Army," a body of Western-trained troops that aided the Ch'ing dynasty (1644-1911/12) in suppressing the Taiping Rebellion, the giant religiouspolitical uprising that occupied South China between 1850 and 1864. In 1860, with Taiping forces about to take Shanghai, Ward organized a force of foreign mercenaries and helped to save the city. At this time, the Western powers were attempting to maintain neutrality in the civil war, and the British arrested Ward to halt his military aid to the dynasty. He escaped, however, and organized a new army in 1862, which used Chinese troops with Western officers and arms. The arrogance of Ward's troops aroused tremendous resentment among the regular Chinese forces, but his tactics resulted in numerous victories, and he was therefore subsidized at great expense by the Ch'ing government. When Ward was mortally wounded in battle, a British major, Charles George ("Chinese") Gordon (1833-85), took his place as commander of the "Ever Victorious Army." Although most modern Western historians believe that this army had no more than marginal effect on suppression of the rebellion, the traditional Western interpretation and the modern Communist interpretation is that these Western troops were crucial in the defeat of the Taipings.