LONG JUMP

also called Broad Jump, track-and-field sport consisting of a horizontal jump for distance. It was formerly performed from both standing and running starts, as separate events, but the standing long jump is no longer included in major competitions. It was discontinued from the Olympic Games after 1912. The running long jump was an event in the Olympic Games of 708 BC and in the modern Games from 1896. (Top) Mechanics of the long jump and dimensions of the (centre) jumping area and (bottom) runway Standard equipment for the long jump (see illustration) includes a runway at least 45 metres (147.5 feet) in length with no outer limit, a takeoff board planted level with the surface at least 1 m (3 feet) from the end of the runway, and a sand-filled landing area at least 2.75 9 m (9 29.5 feet). The jumper usually begins his approach run about 30 m (100 feet) from the takeoff board and accelerates to reach maximum speed at takeoff while gauging his stride to arrive with one foot on and as near as possible to the edge of the board. If a contestant steps beyond the edge (scratch line), his jump is disallowed; if he leaps from too far behind the line, he loses valuable distance. The most commonly used techniques in flight are the tuck, in which the knees are brought up toward the chest, and the hitch kick, which is in effect a continuation of the run in the air. The legs are brought together for landing, and, since the length of the jump is measured from the edge of the takeoff board to the nearest mark in the landing area surface made by any part of the body, the jumper attempts to fall forward. In international competition the eight contestants who make the longest jumps in three preliminary attempts qualify to make three final attempts. The winner is the one who makes the single longest jump in the final competition. In 1935 Jesse Owens of the United States set a record of 8.13 m (26.6 feet) that was not broken until 1960. Similarly, American Bob Beamon held the long jump record of 8.90 m (29.2 feet) from 1968 until 1991. Beginning in 1948, the women's long jump became an Olympic event.