SHELL GAME

also called Cups And Balls Trick, oldest and most popular of the tricks traditionally performed by a conjurer. To begin the trick, the performer places a bead or ball (often a pea) under one of three inverted cups (or half-shells). As the cups are rearranged on a flat surface, the ball is made to jump invisibly from one cup to another, or to multiply. The basis for the illusion is a secret additional ball that, by skilled manipulation, is put under one cup while the known ball is removed as secretly from another cup. The manipulative work is aided by the distracting conversation, or patter, of the conjurer. In ancient Greece and later in different countries, pebbles, or other small objects, were used for the trick instead of balls. The shape and type of cup used also varied. Descendants of Roman conjurers used the cylindrical boxwood measures instead of cups, and a popular old Italian term for magic was giuoco di bussolotti, the game with the measures. A usual adjunct of equipment for cups and balls was a bag with strings that was tied around the waist of the conjurer, like an apron. It was not only a serviceable way to carry the properties of the trick but a handy place for the conjurer secretly to hide and retrieve the balls. Throughout Europe the conjurer's pocket apron was the badge of the profession of conjuring, and Taschenspieler, pocket player, became the common term for magician in German. Middle Eastern, South Asian, Southeast Asian, and East Asian conjurers performed the shell game exactly as European magicians did, except, because of the difference in clothing, the pocket apron was never needed by Oriental magicians, who could hide the ball in their often voluminous sleeves or in the folds of their robe. The trick persists in the United States as a sleight-of-hand gambling game, a pea being used under a nutshell, hence the name shell game.