NEW SOUTH WALES

Australia state of southeastern Australia, occupying both coastal mountain and interior tableland parts of the continent. It is bounded by the Pacific Ocean to the east and the states of Victoria to the south, South Australia to the west, and Queensland to the north. It has an area of 309,433 square miles (801,428 square km). state of southeastern Australia, occupying both coastal mountains and interior tablelands. It is bounded by the Pacific Ocean to the east and the states of Victoria to the south, South Australia to the west, and Queensland to the north. The capital is Sydney, the nation's largest city. The scene of the first British settlement in Australia in 1788, New South Wales is the most economically stable and, after Victoria, the most industrialized Australian state. Originally the name New South Wales was applied to all Australian territory east of the 135th meridian of east longitude. The colonies of Tasmania, South Australia, Victoria, and Queensland were successively carved out of its territory in the 19th century. The Australian Capital Territory at Canberra and Jervis Bay is administered by the Commonwealth government even though it is surrounded by New South Wales. Although it is by no means the largest Australian state in area, New South Wales is the most populous, and in its variety it constitutes a microcosm of Australia as a whole. New South Wales reflects the problems of a semiperipheral nation adjusting to changes in the world economy. Its manufacturing base has been devastated by cheaper and better products from overseas, and its rural industries face major world oversupply and declining prices. Unemployment is high but is often lower than in some other states. Rapidly expanding international tourism is seen as a major hope for development. While most of the population lives in the cities, there is widespread concern about the degradation of the land resources of the state. The state government's powers are increasingly limited by Commonwealth government control of the collection and expenditure of public moneys. Area 309,500 square miles (801,600 square km). Pop. (1996) 6,038,696. Additional reading The best source for up-to-date facts and statistics on the state is the New South Wales Year Book (biennial). Physical geography is covered in D.N. Jeans, An Historical Geography of New South Wales (1972); and Ian G. Percival, The Geological Heritage of New South Wales (1985). The capital is treated in Alan Birch and David S. Macmillan (eds.), The Sydney Scene, 17881960 (1962, reissued 1982); and Jill Roe (ed.), Twentieth Century Sydney: Studies in Urban & Social History (1980). Historical works include Cedric Flower, Illustrated History of New South Wales (1981); J.B. Hirst, Convict Society and Its Enemies: A History of Early New South Wales (1983); T.M. Perry, Australia's First Frontier: The Spread of Settlement in New South Wales, 17881829 (1963); A.C.V. Melbourne, Early Constitutional Development in Australia: New South Wales 17881856, Queensland 18591922, 2nd ed. (1963), still the best treatment of its subject; and A.W. Martin, Henry Parkes (1964, reissued 1980), illuminating politics in the second half of the 19th century as well as analyzing the life of a leading politician of the time. D.N. Jeans Brian Hinton Fletcher