n.
born Oct. 9, 1757, Versailles, France
died Nov. 6, 1836, Gorizia, Friuli
King of France (182430).
Fifth son of the dauphin Louis, and grandson of Louis XV , until 1824 he was known as Charles-Philippe, count d'Artois. During the French Revolution he went into exile and became the leader of the émigré nobility . Returning to France in 1814, he led the ultra s during the Bourbon Restoration . On the death of his brother Louis XVIII , Charles became king. His popularity waned as his reign became increasingly reactionary. After the July Revolution he was forced to abdicate in favour of Louis-Philippe . His reign dramatized the failure of the Bourbons to reconcile the tradition of the monarchy by divine right with the democratic spirit produced in the wake of the Revolution.