CHARLES ALBERT

born Oct. 2, 1798, Turin, Piedmont, French Republic died July 28, 1849, Oporto, Port. Italian Carlo Alberto king of SardiniaPiedmont (183149) during the turbulent period of the Risorgimento, the movement for the unification of Italy. His political vacillations make him an enigmatic personality. Exiled from Italy, Charles Albert, who belonged to a collateral branch of the House of Savoy, was brought up in Paris and Geneva, where he was exposed to the ideas of the French Revolution. Succeeding his father as prince of Carignano in 1800, he was named count by Napoleon in 1810. When his cousin Victor Emmanuel I was restored to the throne of Piedmont, Charles Albert returned to Milan, where the young liberals sought his aid in persuading the King to grant a popular constitution. After the revolution in Naples (1820), a plot against the King materialized. After consenting on March 6, 1821, to lead it, Charles Albert the next day refused to participate directly in the conspiracy. The coup erupted on March 10, Victor Emmanuel abdicated on the 13th, and Charles Albert was appointed regent until the arrival of the new king, Charles Felix. Charles Albert promptly promulgated a liberal constitution, which was, however, annulled by Charles Felix, who arrested the Regent and quelled the rebellion. Charles Albert then fought with the French to reinforce the monarchy in Spain (1823). After Charles Felix' death in 1831, Charles Albert ascended the throne, giving new hope to the liberals. Yet he failed to pardon his accomplices in the plot of 1821 and harshly repressed a conspiracy in 1833. He was fiercely anti-Austrian, shunning the Austrophile reactionary party, however, and, though a believer in the divine right of kings, still considered himself the popular liberator of Italy. He mitigated the harsh administration of his country and accelerated its economic and social development. After the election of the liberal Pius IX as pope and the Austrian occupation of Ferrara, Charles Albert sought to lead the liberation of Italy. He replaced his reactionary Cabinet with a reformist one (1847) and was soon forced by the spread of revolutionary ideas to grant a statute for representative government (March 5, 1848). When the Milanese revolution against the Austrians (March 1822) raised the question of war with Austria, Charles Albert at first hesitated, but then declared war. After enjoying great successes through the beginning of June, he remained inactive for more than a month, confused by political conflicts between the various Italian states and shifting foreign alliances. This respite allowed the Austrians to reorganize and mount a vigorous counteroffensive. Defeated decisively at Custoza, and then at Milan, the King was forced to sign the armistice of Salasco on August 9. Republican and nationalist forces, however, agitated ever more strongly for a new war with Austria. Seeking to vindicate his past failures, Charles Albert broke the armistice with Austria on March 12, 1849. Promptly defeated at Novara on March 23, he abdicated in favour of his son Victor Emmanuel II. He exiled himself to Portugal.