CHARLES X

born Oct. 9, 1757, Versailles, Fr. died Nov. 6, 1836, Gorizia, Friuli also called (until 1824) Charles-philippe, Comte (count) D'artois, byname (17951824) Monsieur king of France from 1824 to 1830. His reign dramatized the failure of the Bourbons, after their restoration, to reconcile the tradition of the monarchy by divine right with the democratic spirit produced in the wake of the Revolution. The fifth son of the dauphin Louis and Maria Josepha of Saxony, Charles was given the title of comte d'Artois. He spent his early life in scandalous dissipation; his service with the French Army at the siege of Gibraltar in 1782 was undertaken rather for distraction than from serious concern with a military career. Eventually he abandoned his libertine lifestyle and directed his talents toward politics. In the events leading up to the Revolution he emerged as an opponent of concessions to the Third Estate. Ordered by his brother Louis XVI to leave France soon after the fall of the Bastille (July 14, 1789), Charles went first to the Austrian Netherlands and then to Turin in Piedmont, thus becoming the first member of the royal family to go into exile, in which he was not joined by his brother the Comte de Provence (later Louis XVIII) until 1791. When the Comte de Provence became titular king he made Charles lieutenant general of the kingdom. Until the Bourbon Restoration in 1814, Charles travelled to Austria, Prussia, Russia, and England. During this period he made an unsuccessful attempt to land in the Vende to lead the royalist rising there. Returning to France in 1814, he became the leader of the Ultras, the party of extreme reaction during Louis XVIII's reign. Upon Louis XVIII's death in 1824, Charles became king as Charles X. His popularity waned as his reign passed through three reactionary ministries. During the first, former migrs were compensated for their nationalized lands, largely at the expense of bourgeois holders of government bonds; greater power was granted to the clergy, and the death penalty was imposed for certain sacrileges. The second government, though more moderate, lasted only from January 1828 to August 1829, when liberals joined with the extreme right to defeat it. Losing patience and ignoring public opinion, Charles called upon an extreme clericalist reactionary, the highly unpopular prince Jules de Polignac, to form a government. A formidable agitation sprang up which, making the King only more obstinate, culminated in the July Revolution of 1830. In March 1830, when liberal members objected to the Polignac ministry, Charles dissolved the Chamber. The May elections returned a majority unfavourable to the King. On July 26 he issued four ordinances which, through their repressive measures, provoked revolution by the Paris radicals. Unprepared for such an outbreak, Charles fled first to Versailles and then to Rambouillet, where he learned to his surprise that the insurrection could not be resisted. On August 1 he appointed Louis-Philippe, duc d'Orlans, lieutenant general of the kingdom and on August 2 abdicated in favour of his grandson, the Duc de Bordeaux. On Louis-Philippe's acceptance of the crown, Charles withdrew to England. He eventually established himself at Prague, where he resided until shortly before his death.