JEFFREY, EDWARD CHARLES

born May 21, 1866, St. Catherines, Ont., Can. died April 19, 1952, Cambridge, Mass., U.S. Canadian-American botanist who worked on the morphology and phylogeny of vascular plants. While a lecturer at the University of Toronto (18921902), Jeffrey established his reputation with a series of articles published from 1899 to 1905 on the comparative anatomy and phylogeny of different vascular plant groups. Taking a leave of absence from Toronto, Jeffrey received his Ph.D. from Harvard University (1899), where he would later serve as professor of plant morphology (190733). Charles Darwin's Origin of Species led Jeffrey to interpret the form and structure of plants historically and to use comparative morphology and anatomy to provide evidence of specific evolutions. In 1899 Jeffrey reclassified all vascular plants into Lycopsida and Pteropsida; while later classifications have refined plant groupings, these two divisions remain as two of the four classes of vascular plants. His work on lycopsids furthered the investigation of the morphology and evolutionary trends in primitive vascular plants. Jeffrey's The Anatomy of Woody Plants (1917), an anatomical evolutionary overview, was an important work in its field. In Coal and Civilization (1925) he demonstrated that coal has a vegetable origin.