MACREADY, WILLIAM CHARLES

born March 3, 1793, London, Eng. died April 27, 1873, Cheltenham, Gloucestershire English actor, manager, and diarist, a leading figure in the development of acting and production techniques of the 19th century. Macready was entered at Rugby to prepare for the bar, but financial difficulties and his sense of personal responsibility caused him to abandon his education and take uptemporarily, he thoughtthe theatre, a profession for which he always felt an intense dislike. In 1810 he made his debut in his father's company, as Romeo, at Birmingham and rapidly acquired fame in other roles in provincial theatres. In 1816 he appeared at Covent Garden, London, and played a series of melodramatic villains. He performed with such earnestness and truth that he became firmly established, and by 1820 he was recognized as one of the finest contemporary English actors, second only to Edmund Kean. Macready achieved his greatest fame playing such Shakespearean roles as Hamlet, Iago, Lear, Othello, and Richard II. Macready served as the manager of Covent Garden from 1837 to 1839 and as manager of Drury Lane from 1841 to 1843. Though his tenures as manager of these theatres were financially unsuccessful, they did allow him to extend his theory of acting to all the elements of production. He was the first to impose upon the 19th-century theatre the principle of unity: that the actors and all others connected with a performance were to be guided by the central concepts of the playwright. In an era when leading actors routinely memorized their lines in private and performed their parts any way they wished, Macready insisted upon thorough rehearsals in which all the roles were well-played and artistically coherent with each other. Macready instituted the use of accurate costumes in historical dramas and made special efforts to obtain sets and scenery that harmonized with the plays. And finally, he rejected the corrupted versions of Shakespeare's plays that were universally used at that time and instead reverted to the original texts. All of these innovations were realized in Macready's notable revivals of Shakespeare's As You Like It, Macbeth, King Lear, Henry V, and The Tempest. The historical research behind these productions influenced English stagecraft, and the principle of theatrical unity anticipated practice in the 20th century. Macready worked tirelessly to persuade leading literary figures of the day to turn to the writing of plays. After 1825 he moved freely in the highest literary and artistic circles of London, and the pages of his voluminous diary detail that life. Macready made several tours outside England. In 1828 he performed in Paris, and he visited the United States in 1826, 1843, and 184849. During Macready's last visit to America in 1849 a longstanding feud started by his rival, the American actor Edwin Forrest, erupted into tragedy. During a performance of Macbeth by Macready at the Astor Place Opera House in New York City, Forrest's partisans tried to storm the theatre and thus started a riot in which more than 20 persons were killed and from which Macready narrowly escaped with his life. He returned to England for his farewell performances and retired from the stage in his favourite role, Macbeth, in 1851. Macready was an intellectual actor and was at his best in such philosophical roles as Hamlet and Richelieu. He was also capable of great emotional intensity, however. Although he was a lesser actor than David Garrick and perhaps Kean at his best, Macready was more important than either in his influence on the acting style and production techniques that made possible the art of the modern theatre.